What is housekeeping? Housekeeping functions. Housekeeping

The well-being of the population and its material well-being directly depend on the state of households. Currently, the rural household is considered a mass economic entity; the state also pays attention to it, offering privileges and financial benefits to small farms. It is the household in a modern market economy that is considered an indicator of social policy, and therefore deserves close attention from government agencies.

What is a household?

Let's try to figure out what a household is and what its distinctive features are. This is a multifaceted phenomenon that concerns all spheres of life in modern society. Interest in the household is shown by:

  • legal scholars;
  • teachers of educational institutions;
  • representatives of statistical services;
  • sociologists;
  • economists;
  • famous politicians.

Studying and running a household is a national task, especially relevant in modern economic realities. Interest in the household is due to the difficult demographic situation in the country and numerous problems in rural areas. There is a lot of empty land in our country, which potential farmers are trying to develop.

Get rid of dirt from the toilet!

To put it mildly, the toilet is not the most hygienic place. And for many, dirt on the toilet is a problem that is difficult to deal with. However, you can make your task much easier by using one useful trick. The toilet will sparkle clean if you prepare and throw special “bombs” into it. Here's what you'll need to make them:

  • One glass of soda.
  • Half a teaspoon of vinegar.
  • A quarter cup of citric acid.
  • One tablespoon of 6 percent hydrogen peroxide solution.
  • 20 drops of aromatic oil (any).

Pour the soda into a bowl and mix with citric acid. In another vessel you need to combine vinegar with peroxide. The next step is to add the resulting liquid to the dry soda mixture. This must be done carefully - drop by drop. After this, all that remains is to pour in the aromatic oil and form large balls from the resulting mixture with a spoon. They will need to be placed on parchment and dried, which will take about 6 hours. Then the balls can be used.

By the way, the toilet bowl can also be cleaned by applying a mixture of mustard powder, citric acid and corn starch to it. It should be left on the surface for an hour, and only after the time has passed should you start wiping.

Household types

The first mentions of housekeeping are found in the trumpets of the Athenian ancient thinker Xenophon (430-355 BC). The philosopher described the main functions of a household, suggested growing grain crops, and talked about gardening.

Aristotle did not remain aloof from this problem; it was he who introduced the term “economy” as an analogue of a household, and theoretically justified housekeeping. Aristotle set the main goal of personal farming to make a profit and increase wealth.

Your own always tastes better! Successful livestock farming experience

Someone starts a personal household just to have organic food at home for the table, and often just a few hundred square meters and very little time is enough for this. And someone organizes their own business - here the volumes of private household plots are different, and there are more worries. What portal users breed in the first and second cases, what they feed and how they are treated - we learn how to manage the farm from the experience of the most successful FORUMHOUSE livestock breeders in this week’s topic.

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What to feed chickens and ducks. In winter, when it is not possible to let poultry go for a walk, nibble grass and hunt for worms, the question of balanced and inexpensive food arises. How to structure a bird's diet so that it is varied, contains all the nutrients and does not ruin the poultry farmer? Let's turn to the experience of portal users.

Turkeys. Rules for keeping tender birds. It is believed that turkeys are “a good bird, but they are too delicate and picky.” Let's see how FORUMHOUSE users cope with breeding these delicate birds.

How to organize a bee mini-farm. An apiary is a rare form of mini-farm. Much more often people take up rabbits, poultry, and cattle. And bees require not so much financial investment as knowledge and time. We suggest looking at the apiary as an activity that will allow you to obtain beekeeping products “for yourself” and become a stable source of income for the family.

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Chicken coop in a pine forest. With my own hands. According to the hero of this story, Roman, for him, chickens are not only delicious homemade eggs, but also a maximum of positive mood. He approached the construction of the chicken coop no less seriously than the construction of his house. Therefore, the chicken coop turned out to be not only warm and comfortable for the chickens, but also with designer features. Roman also shares his experience of choosing a breed and proper nutrition of chickens for better egg production.

Alpaca farm in Russia. These unusual animals are unlikely to leave anyone indifferent. Just a couple of years ago they could only be seen in America and Europe, but recently these furry fellow camels were brought to Russia. One of the first owners of the alpaca farm will tell you about the peculiarities of keeping them, as well as many other interesting facts.

Keeping goats. Almost a city dweller's experience. A couple of years ago we were visiting our forum member Pavel, who organized a home mini-farm almost within the city limits. This time he invited us to visit to show the new goat herd and its inhabitants - the goats provide his family with meat and milk.

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Quails. Maintenance, feeding, breeding. Many people keep quails not for sale, but for themselves - for the sake of fresh and healthy eggs and dietary meat. And some manage to raise these birds even in an apartment. How to keep them, which breed is better to choose, is it really possible to keep them right in the house, how troublesome is it - users are discussing in this thread.

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A dream has come true... a new life, or gone with the wind. KendyEva dreamed of living in a village since she was 20 years old, and one day this dream came true. When, while looking for a house, she saw a lake with swans, she realized: this is what she had been looking for for so long. Now the family has already settled into a house and acquired a household, and our readers fell in love with this touching story.

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Household history

In 1861, the Swiss historian J. Bachofen published the book “Mother's Right,” which became the beginning of the study of the household. In it, the Swiss described the basic rules of housekeeping and drew conclusions about the importance of home economics.

The household has gone through a long evolutionary path associated with the development of land ownership.

So what is housekeeping? This is the activity of a family, a group of people, a specific person who live in a certain area, to provide themselves with all the products necessary for a normal life. In such a household, an owner is chosen who is the leader. He resolves issues related to economic problems and responsibilities. It is the owner who makes material decisions; he is responsible for improving the well-being of all members of the household. Basically, relatives, friends, and acquaintances come together to conduct joint activities. Currently, there are different households; in the economy they have already managed to show their relevance and necessity.

Wardrobe nuances

It is impossible not to note useful tips and tricks regarding clothing.

If your jeans become saturated with an unpleasant odor, you should put them in the freezer overnight.

Do your light leather shoes have dirt and dust embedded in them? It is worth mixing washing powder, soda and toothpaste, and then thoroughly clean the unpleasant areas with the solution, applying it to the brush.

But if your new shoes are too tight, you should put a bottle of water in each one, and then put the pair in the freezer overnight.

To prevent arrows from creeping up your tights, it is recommended to spray them with hairspray before putting them on.

Don't like the fact that dark things fade? Then it’s worth adding ~100 milliliters of vinegar to the water at the end of the wash.

Sweat stains are another problem. To prevent traces of them from leaving, you need to sprinkle the item with lemon juice before washing. This is especially true for gray products. But if something gets dirty with foundation or some other cosmetics, you should apply shaving cream to it and wash it off after a while. Knowing about such tricks, you can make your life much easier with your own hands.

Household functions

Such a structure helps to maintain a commonality of interests, family ties, and interests. In order to understand what a household is, it is necessary to list its main functions:

  • reproduction of labor resources (birth and raising children);
  • creation of human capital;
  • sociality (support for disabled family members);
  • creating interpersonal relationships;
  • meeting the individual needs of each family member;
  • saving and accumulation of values ​​(material, spiritual);
  • development of entrepreneurial abilities.

In addition to property, a household owns land, financial resources, and labor. Some household expenses are offset by in-kind exchange. A household solves most of its needs as a result of economic transactions with other households.

Any households play an important role in the economy, contributing to the use of land resources and employment of residents. This segment involves the formation, formation of personality, development of the material and spiritual needs of individual families. The basic rules of housekeeping are inextricably linked with work morale and social norms. It represents a link between the labor market, consumer goods, and financial markets.

Responsibilities of a teenager

At every age, a person has certain responsibilities. What are the responsibilities of teenagers?

  • obligation to receive basic general education, i.e. complete 9 years of high school.
  • the duty to be a law-abiding citizen, i.e. not to commit crimes, offenses, or other actions that could harm other people, not to use or carry any type of weapon.
  • the duty to respect the rights of other people, i.e. exercise your rights without harming the interests of others.

The teenager must also perform certain duties around the house:

  • family traditions, respectful treatment of loved ones;
  • clean up after yourself;
  • protect family property;
  • help when asked, unless there is a good reason for refusal.

It is in the family that personality development occurs, when a child learns to communicate and interact with other people. Depending on how a teenager develops relationships with his family, how he will feel in adulthood depends. If everyone in a family respects each other, fulfills their duties responsibly, if an atmosphere of voluntary cooperation and mutual assistance reigns, then a child raised in this family, as they say, “will not be lost” in life.

Household types

Professionals identify five farm options, taking into account family ties between family members.

  1. The first type will be a farm in which there is only one owner.
  2. The second type of household connects close relatives who do not have marital obligations.
  3. The third type of household is organized by a married couple with children.
  4. In the fourth type, in addition to the married couple, there may be other relatives.
  5. The fifth option involves a large-scale multi-family farm, which consists of several families.

For universal cleanliness

There are some other tips and tricks that are worthy of attention. Here are the ones that are sure to be useful to everyone:

  • It is easy to get rid of scale in a kettle by boiling water in it once with the addition of citric acid (two tablespoons is enough).
  • Pet hair can be removed from carpet/clothing using packing tape. Also, pellets and lint collect nicely on its sticky side.
  • Dirty glass can be easily cleaned with an onion cut in half.
  • Grease is removed from the carpet with a mixture of gasoline and washing powder applied to it for several hours.
  • An unpleasant odor from dishes (from a jar, for example, or a bottle) can be removed by rinsing it with water with the addition of mustard powder.

Household classification options

All households are divided according to the following characteristics:

  • a demographic characteristic that includes non-family and family households, the number of members, age and gender characteristics;
  • territorial-regional characteristic relating to the nature of housing, the availability of transport, the size of the land plot;
  • profitability per person, taking into account all types of income received;
  • an economic characteristic associated with the type of employment, the focus of the enterprise;
  • labor characteristic, implying the number of workers, their professional training;
  • a social characteristic associated with family income.

Household helpers

If you have the opportunity, take advantage of new advances in the home appliance industry. Grandmother's methods are popular due to their low cost. But is it worth the effort? Of course, you can boil laundry to bleach, and use old things to wash floors and spread dust from corner to corner. But why deny yourself the fruits of civilization? Yes, past generations of housewives lived without newfangled sponges and microfiber cloths, but life was different then.

In stores you will find multifunctional inventions from the household industry: rags, mops, special cleaning products. They will make the cleaning process easier and save time and effort.

Household appliances also do not stand still: dishwashers, robotic vacuum cleaners, multicookers, blenders, steamers - helpers for every taste. Many housewives consider the costs of such purchases unjustified, and their use uneconomical. But the washing machines, irons and hair dryers that are familiar today were also once a curiosity.

Household appliances are designed to make life easier for the housewife. It seems like it won't take much time to wash the dishes. But count how many times a day you do this and how much time you spend in front of the sink? New generation household appliances, contrary to many misconceptions, are economical and easy to maintain. Try it and you will appreciate it.

The importance of households in a market economy

It allows us to ensure the necessary level of consumer demand, without which the functioning mechanisms of the economic market are impossible. Household consumption is associated with monetary investment and helps the banking system function. Such farms can be factors of production and provide an opportunity for ordinary people to develop their entrepreneurial abilities.

Any household works closely with other types of economic entities:

  • market of services and consumer goods;
  • factor market;
  • financial market.

Financial and economic problems

For an ordinary family with average salaries of its working members, saving issues are extremely relevant. As a rule, a woman is responsible for these questions.

There are life-tested rules:

  1. You need to correctly assess your income and expenses and not allow expenses to exceed income.
  2. Do not take out loans under any circumstances. Giving them is much more difficult than taking them.
  3. Be able to restrain yourself so as not to buy the first thing you like. Then it turns out that you could live calmly without her.
  4. If you decide to buy, then the thing should be very necessary and of high quality.
  5. Each purchase must be carefully thought through and information about it must be collected in advance. Everything is on the Internet. You can ask friends and acquaintances.

You can save money on energy resources. LED lamps, although they themselves are more expensive, consume 7-8 times less electricity than conventional lamps with the same brightness. If you don’t waste water, then with a water meter installed, your bill will be half as much. A 15-minute shower is three times cheaper than a bath. If desired, you can reduce the water flow in the toilet cistern. If the mesh nozzle on the faucet is replaced with an aerator tip, the water consumption will be reduced by approximately half, and the consumer will not notice it. You don’t need to immediately throw away a faulty item, you should try to fix it. It's useful to know that a phone charger left in a socket also consumes electricity. A decent amount accumulates in a year.


PHOTO: YouTube.com Faucet aerator instead of the usual nozzle

Examples of households for teaching schoolchildren

Conducting a practical lesson “Housekeeping” (6th grade), the teacher notes the importance of each member of the household, a clear distribution of rights and responsibilities between them. As a simple example of a home business that you can tell schoolchildren about, let’s look at growing vegetables (potatoes). This type of business is suitable for families living in rural areas. What should you tell your children?

The teacher explains to the children the purpose of this business and its features. The children will learn about the types of soil that are suitable for growing potatoes. Working in groups, schoolchildren propose their business plans and learn basic financial literacy. The teacher talks about the possible financial risks of growing this crop and how to store potatoes. Federal State Educational Standards require each student to carry out project or research activities; a project can be done on the basis of your own household.

No stains!

How difficult it is to get rid of them is well known to every housewife. But there is no limit to the “everyday” cunning of women - a long time ago a lot of ways were invented by which removing stains becomes a simple task.

Traces of acetone, gasoline, as well as anything else that is greasy, must be carefully ironed with a hot iron through three layers of blotting cloth. Then all that remains is to wash the item. By the way, in order to avoid streaks from the stain, you need to clean it from the edges and towards the middle.

Fruit traces are easily removed with hot water. However, it is better to remove them by soaking the item in hot milk.

Has a stain formed on a colored item? It is recommended to mix glycerin with egg yolk and apply this mixture to the mark. After 5-6 hours, wash off.

And wine, by the way, can be easily removed from any item with wet salt. Grass stains are also removed. But it is recommended to wash white items in serum or milk.

Stains are easily removed from woolen products using a solution of glycerin and ammonia (proportions 2:1).

Home Economics for Girls

Despite numerous reforms that are being carried out in the modern education system, girls still receive skills in managing their own household in service classes. Future housewives receive initial information about family budget planning and learn to calculate their monthly budget. In addition, during labor lessons, girls learn the basics of cooking, implement recipes, and learn to embroider, sew, and knit.

The Federal State Educational Standard involves the development, implementation, and presentation by girls of their own project. Most often, it is based on the household. For example, a 5th grade technology project might involve creating a beautiful lace doily. The girl can give the finished product to her mother, grandmother, or sell it at a school fair, receiving a material reward for her work. Through these activities, children learn the basics of entrepreneurship that will help them create a successful household of their own in the future.

Cleaning

To keep your home always clean and comfortable, you need to learn how to clean properly. But first you need to make a start - carry out a general cleaning of the entire apartment, in all closets and storage rooms. During spring cleaning, trash and things that cannot be repaired are mercilessly thrown away. If an item has not been used for a couple of years, then you should get rid of it, as it only collects dust and takes up space.

Next, for each item in the house you need to determine a permanent place. Things should not lie on sofas and armchairs - all clothes should be put away in the closet. Take this as a rule - every thing should have its own place. Then you won't have to spend a whole weekend cleaning your house every week.

So, how to properly clean? First, remove dust from the ceiling, corners, and cabinet lids. Also, chandeliers are wiped first. It is enough to do this once a month. Expert opinion Lyubov Korshunova Experienced housewife. Ask a question to an expert If there are several rooms in the house, then the bedrooms are cleaned first. Then they put things in order in the hall, and the kitchen and bathroom are washed last.

Proper use of special detergents greatly facilitates the work of a housewife. It is much easier to wipe the glass with a glass cleaner, and if you wipe the furniture with a special polish, then dust will not settle on it for a long time. Any stains or dirt can be removed using modern stain removers in a couple of minutes.

Many housewives hang organizers for small items in the bathroom and kitchen. It is very comfortable. Scissors, notebooks, combs, shoehorns can be stored in such systems.

Family budget

Characteristics and functions of the baby washing machine

In order to acquire property and properly manage the money earned, almost every family maintains its own family budget. It can be drawn up for a week, a month or even a year, depending on the wishes of the household. Maintaining a family budget involves calculating all family income and drawing up a spending plan for a certain period of time.

Example. The Ivanovs calculated that they earn an average of 90 thousand rubles a month, and almost every time they spend the entire amount of money before they can wait for their next salary. Then the Ivanovs decided to set out the family budget for the month. They decided to spend only 70 thousand rubles and save the remaining 20 thousand. The Ivanovs outlined all future expenses for the month, how much they would have to spend on travel, food, clothing, and utilities. They also created an additional list that included all the optional purchases that would be made if there was any money left over.

The part of the family budget income that remains after satisfying all basic needs and was set aside separately is called cash savings. They are necessary so that the family can sometimes purchase expensive things, go on vacation to distant countries, and pay for expensive services (wedding services, funeral services, etc.). In addition, cash savings are needed in case of unforeseen circumstances, if suddenly one of the household members loses his job, becomes seriously ill, or has an accident.

A separate part of the family budget is children's pocket money - those funds that their parents give them for personal needs. For example, parents often give their children money for school lunches, buying stationery, sweets, and travel on public transport. Some children rationally distribute their pocket money, calculate how much they can spend on the thing they like, so that they have money left over for travel and a bun at school. Others spend all the money at once, on the very first day, without telling their parents how they spent the funds given to them. There are known cases when schoolchildren fell ill with gastritis and even stomach ulcers due to the fact that they spent money not on school lunches, but on other things, hiding it from their parents.

In order to correctly calculate the family budget, household members must find out what types of income and expenses exist in the family.

How to become a thrifty housewife

Keep a separate book or notebook to record income and expenses. Enter every expense and profit scrupulously and carefully. Such accounting allows you to calculate the main expense items, take reduction measures if necessary, and conduct further budget planning.

Make a list in advance before each trip to the store so as not to buy too much or unnecessary things and at the same time do not forget about the main thing. Make large monthly grocery purchases at once, rather than going to the store every day. With a pre-prepared and thoughtful list of products, there is enough for two or three such purchases per month.

For purchases, choose large hypermarkets or wholesale markets and bases, as prices there are lower than in a regular store or supermarket. Take advantage of special discounts and promotions. Before your trip, go to the store’s website, view the assortment, compare prices, and find out about current promotions. Use special phone applications that inform you about discounts. Don't forget about discount cards.

As for clothes, it is better to choose quality items, even if they are a little more expensive. But they are safer and last longer than cheap products of unknown quality.

How to do the right thing

If you still remove the broken thermometer using a vacuum cleaner, you need to call a service that demercurizes the premises. This is the only thing you can do without harming your health.

Specialists will find places where mercury is spilled and remove poisons from the premises. One visit is enough to eliminate all problems and continue living in safety.

Advantages of contacting:

  • guaranteed result of purifying the air and all objects from mercury and toxic gases;
  • the vacuum cleaner, if it was used to clean liquid metal, will not need to be thrown away, since the company’s specialists will neutralize the metal, which will allow the equipment to be used safely in the future;
  • possibility of round-the-clock access in case of mercury spill in the house;
  • the presence of professional instruments that accurately determine the location of mercury and the concentration of vapors in the air.

We suggest you familiarize yourself with what you can wash with bed linen

Sales of products

It is also necessary to take into account that costs will change depending on the choice of a particular business. Chickens are generally inexpensive, and at the same time you can raise them yourself

This type of activity is ideal for residents of urban villages. It is convenient to sell eggs here, which is a good additional income. Basically, if the quality of the products is good, then all the eggs can be sold to their acquaintances and friends.

If we talk about milk, then things are a little more complicated here, since it is not always possible to sell the existing product, and buyers are not particularly generous. In addition, buyers have serious requirements for the properties of milk: fat content, absence of diseases, and so on. In most cases, all these tests for product quality are carried out at the expense of the farmer, so earnings per liter are not particularly large. But if the volumes are large, then the business is very profitable.

Rabbits are mainly raised for their meat. The animals are quite compact, so they do not require a large room to grow. You can also sell products in small quantities within your place of residence, by agreeing, for example, with distributors at the local agricultural market.

Pros and cons of the profession

Like any profession, the work of a housekeeper includes positive and negative aspects, which we will have to deal with in this section of the article.

Pros:

  • High level of demand in the modern labor market. If a housekeeper is qualified and has recommendations, she will always be able to find work with good employers.
  • Providing a room to stay is good for single women who do not have a family.
  • The work of qualified housekeepers is well paid;
  • The ability to save on daily personal expenses, since most of the time has to be spent at the employer’s house;
  • An opportunity to find new close friends among employers and their relatives or guests.

Minuses:

  • Many are embarrassed by this profession and consider it unprestigious;
  • You have to live according to the employer’s schedule, which negatively affects your own personal life;
  • You should live in the interests of the employer, where it is forbidden to express your own opinion;
  • Weekends and vacations are extremely rare;
  • A housekeeper is not protected if they simply want to fire her and put her out on the street, leaving her without work;
  • You have to put up with the difficult character of the employer and the possible whims of his children.

A few more tips

  • Don't forget that men also know how to properly run a household. Therefore, do not take on tasks that are beyond your capabilities. Even if you can change the light bulb yourself, don't do it. A man should be able to fix an outlet, clean a sink, hang curtains, take out the trash, replace the same light bulb, etc. Do not free your husband from these tasks, otherwise he will quickly get out of the habit of them and you will have to carry everything on your shoulders.
  • Periodically take inventory of things in your home. Carry a large bag and don’t hesitate to throw away unnecessary things. If you haven't used them for more than a year, then you're unlikely to need them again. Throw away boxes on the mezzanine, old Christmas tree decorations, cups with broken handles, and clothes you don’t want to wear. All things that do not bring you any benefit or joy should be sent to the package. Why do you need “dead weight”: read magazines, damaged video and audio tapes, discs, expired products?
  • Clean your stove as often as possible. So, you will spend less time on this activity. It's always easier to rub it a little rather than pick out the dried centimeter greasy layer. Don't let your things get to such a dirty state. Always keep your refrigerator clean.

And most importantly, remember that in addition to cleanliness and comfort in the house, there should also be psychological comfort in it.

Source

Self-discipline

What is a linear refrigerator compressor and what are its functions?

As you understand, the strength of this system lies precisely in regularity. Only thanks to regularity you have the opportunity to spend a record amount of time on cleaning. However, as soon as you give up - you skip the morning or evening ritual, do not sort out the trash in hot spots, the house again becomes a mess in the blink of an eye. Having not prepared for the morning in the evening, you again rush headlong around the apartment - you don’t know what to wear, and as a result you dump half a closet of clothes on the bed, you don’t know where the receipt is, and you go through folders with documents like a tornado, you don’t have time to put it away kitchen, as a result of which it is simply scary to go there. In a word, your entire order is based on regularity and self-discipline, which should become your guiding stars.

What are the benefits of remuneration?

There are several of them:

The child realizes that he has property that he can dispose of at his discretion

In this case, it is recommended to discuss this point with the child and explain to him how important it is to manage finances correctly. Free labor is exploitation

You don't work for free for a boss you treat very well. When you demand that a child do something out of love for you, you show him the insignificance of love. You seem to be saying that you evaluate love at the level of market relations.

Of course, not all families agree with this position. Most parents in our country will find many reasons explaining why they should never pay their child for household chores. With the slightest mistake, you really run the risk of raising a person who will evaluate all his good deeds in monetary terms.

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